Recipes

1504 records with their sources, across 11 categories.

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Recipes

Stoccafisso all'anconitana baked with potatoes, tomatoes and olives in a rustic casserole.
Elevated risk

Stoccafisso all'anconitana

Ancona's baked stockfish: thick pieces layered with potatoes, tomatoes, olives, capers and anchovy under olive oil and white wine, cooked slowly in a covered dish.

Ancona · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
Illustrative Orkney barley-or-oat bannocks: two thick, lightly griddled rounds with coarse tan crumb; not a photograph of Anne Johnson's batch.

Orkney barley or oat bannocks

Two round, chemically raised bannocks made with equal weights of white flour and beremeal, barley flour or oat flour, following Anne Johnson's Orkney formula.

Orkney · Modern method
· Grains and starches
Photograph of Smoked salt.

Smoked salt

Flaky or coarse sea salt takes on hickory smoke in a pellet grill. A shallow tray lets the smoke reach the crystals before they cool for airtight storage.

Modern method
· Condiments
Coarse citrus-zest salt with yellow, orange, and green peel flecks in a plain ceramic bowl

Citrus salt

Citrus zest is rubbed into coarse or flake salt and dried on a tray. This peel-based seasoning preserves the chosen citrus aroma without adding juice.

Modern method
· Condiments
Photograph of Remoulade (French).

Remoulade (French)

A French cold sauce made from mayonnaise with mustard, capers, cornichons and fresh herbs, served with fish, shellfish and red meats.

France
Condiments
Coarsely crushed green-chilli and peanut thecha in a stone mortar, with green chillies, peanuts and garlic nearby.

Green-chilli and peanut thecha

A fresh Maharashtrian thecha of green chillies, peanuts and garlic, roasted separately in the same oil and crushed with salt. Optional coriander joins the pan before grinding; serve with bhakari.

Maharashtra · Modern method
· Condiments
A coarse bowl of fresh green nam jim seafood, with a prawn, lime, Thai chillies, garlic and cilantro alongside.

Nam jim seafood

A Thai seafood dipping sauce of chiles, garlic, cilantro stems, fish sauce, lime juice and palm sugar, pounded or briefly blended for a coarse texture.

Thailand · Modern method
· Condiments
Photograph of Pressure-canned mushrooms.
High risk

Pressure-canned mushrooms

Whole or sliced domestic mushrooms packed hot in jars with fresh water and processed in a pressure canner, the tested home method for a low-acid vegetable.

United States
Photograph of Mojo verde.
Elevated risk

Mojo verde

A green sauce of garlic, cumin, green chilli and fresh coriander or parsley in olive oil and vinegar, traditionally served with fish in the Canary Islands.

Canary Islands
Condiments
Smooth homogeneous Chilean chancho en piedra freshly ground in a dark stone mortar with its pestle.

Chancho en piedra

Chancho en piedra is a Chilean sauce of tomato, garlic, cumin and chilli, ground by hand in a stone mortar. Its name refers to the stone, not to pork.

Talca
Condiments
Coarsely mashed cooked broad beans with garlic in a ceramic bowl beside rustic flatbread.
Elevated risk

Broad-bean mash (modern reconstruction)

Cooked broad beans crushed to a thick paste with garlic and salt, a museum preparation built on the one European pulse that was already old when the Viking Age began.

Ribe · Modern adaptation
· Legumes and seeds
Pale whipped stockfish cream with parsley on grilled polenta, served on a dark wooden table
Elevated risk

Baccalà mantecato

A Venetian cicchetto of cooked unsalted stockfish beaten with oil until it turns into a pale, aerated cream, spooned onto grilled polenta in the city's wine bars.

Venice · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
Roasted bacalhau à lagareiro in a shallow ceramic dish with golden potatoes, onion, garlic and olive oil.
Elevated risk

Bacalhau à lagareiro

Thick pieces of desalted salt cod roasted in olive oil with garlic and onion, served with small potatoes cooked and then crushed until their skins split.

Portugal · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
Fresh Colombian ají picante in a white bowl, with chopped cilantro, parsley, scallion, tomato and chile in a thin vinegar dressing; served beside a fried corn empanada.

Ají picante (Colombian table ají)

A fresh Colombian table condiment of chopped herbs, scallion and tomato in a vinegar and chile base, served beside fried and filled dishes.

Colombia · Traditional method
Condiments
Golden-orange Colombian ají de uchuvas with goldenberry seeds, chile, scallion and cilantro.

Ají de uchuvas

A sweet, tart and spicy Colombian sauce of uchuva, the yellow physalis fruit, with hot pepper, scallion, cilantro and lime.

Colombia · Modern adaptation
Condiments
Illustrative bowl of coarse herb salt with garlic and green herb flecks.

Fragrant herb salt

Fresh garlic and pungent herbs are chopped with kosher salt, then dried in the warmth of a switched-off oven. The blend keeps the selected herbs together in one seasoning.

Modern method
· Condiments
Warm golden-orange Ecuadorian salsa de maní in a bowl beside two llapingachos.

Ecuadorian salsa de maní

A warm, creamy peanut sauce thickened with milk and seasoned with onion, cumin and achiote, served over potatoes and llapingachos in Ecuador.

Ecuador · Traditional method
Condiments
Bacalhau à Brás with cod flakes, fine potato matchsticks and black olives, served on a pale plate.
Elevated risk

Bacalhau à Brás

Lisbon's salt cod dish: shredded desalted cod and fine fried potato matchsticks folded through softened onion and bound with beaten egg, finished with parsley and black olives.

Lisbon · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
Creamy Provençal anchoïade of anchovy, garlic, capers and olive oil in a ceramic bowl, with vegetables and toast.

Anchoiade

A Provencal dip of anchovies, garlic, capers and olive oil, pounded or blended to a creamy paste and served with raw vegetables, bread and eggs.

Provence
Condiments
Pale green whipped hilbeh with cilantro, green onion, lemon and lahoh in the background

Hilbeh (fenugreek foam)

A whipped condiment of soaked ground fenugreek seed, aerated until foamy and finished with herbs, chilli and lemon. It comes from Yemen.

Yemen
Condiments
Original editorial reconstruction of Georgian Bazhe walnut sauce, creamy and pepper-flecked in a plain ceramic bowl.

Bazhe (walnut sauce base)

A Georgian walnut sauce of ground walnuts, garlic, vinegar and spices, thinned with water or broth. It is served with poultry, vegetables and bread, and is the sauce of the dish satsivi.

Georgia
· Condiments
Hard smoked and dried tuna pieces with fibrous cut faces and thin shavings on an earthenware plate.
High risk

Maldive fish

Maldive fish is a hard, smoke-dried tuna product made in the Maldives and traded especially to Sri Lanka, where it is known as umbalakada. Cooks shave or pound it into a concentrated savory seasoning for sambols, curries and other dishes.

Maldives · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
Photograph of Verde sawse (medieval green herb sauce).

Verde sawse (medieval green herb sauce)

A green herb sauce from The Forme of Cury, about 1390, of parsley, mint, garlic and sage ground with bread, wine, vinegar and warm spices, coloured and flavoured with saffron. It is not fermented.


A hard, dark smoke-dried Arabushi bonito block rests on a wooden board beside a few thin bonito shavings and a traditional hand-shaver.
High risk

Arabushi (smoke-dried bonito)

Japanese skipjack tuna cooked, then repeatedly smoked and dried over a wood fire by the hand-fired tebiyama method into a hard block for shaving into dashi: the first stage of katsuobushi.

Nakiri, Daio, Shima · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
Illustrative reconstruction of oenogarum ingredients; ancient sources do not establish an exact ratio or serving appearance.
Elevated risk

Oenogarum

Oenogarum is fish sauce mixed with wine, pepper and often olive oil: a Roman table sauce in the Apicius cookbook, and a reduced, strained sauce in a later medical text.

Roman world · Historical attestation
· Fish and seafood
An illustrative open stick grill with whole fish above embers; this generic reconstruction is not a documentary image or a preservation guide.
High risk

Moquém

Moquém is the Brazilian Indigenous method of laying meat or fish on a grill of wooden sticks to roast, dry or smoke it, and also the name of the grill itself.

Brazil
A sake bottle is partly immersed in a warm-water bath as a probe checks hi-ire temperature.

Hi-ire (heat treatment of sake)

Hi-ire is the Japanese heat treatment of finished sake, about 65 °C, used to stop re-fermentation and souring. Brewers applied it from the Muromachi era.

Japan
Drinks
Photograph of Salsa de ajo (Venezuelan garlic sauce).

Salsa de ajo (Venezuelan garlic sauce)

Salsa de ajo is a creamy Venezuelan garlic sauce made from mayonnaise blended with fresh garlic, herbs, green onion and vinegar. It is served with empanadas, arepas and grilled meat.

Venezuela
Condiments
Photograph of Vincotto.

Vincotto

Vincotto is a dark, thick, sweet paste made by slowly cooking down unfermented grape must in rural Italy, used as a seasoning for savoury dishes and desserts.

Basilicata
Photograph of Tartare sauce.
Elevated risk

Tartare sauce

A mayonnaise sauce with chopped gherkins or capers, herbs and lemon, served with fried and grilled fish. It was named in nineteenth-century France alongside steak tartare.

France
Condiments
Photograph of Vinegar and pepper barbecue sauce.

Vinegar and pepper barbecue sauce

A thin eastern North Carolina sauce of distilled vinegar, pepper flakes, black pepper and salt, mixed cold and used to season chopped or pulled pork.

Eastern North Carolina
Photograph of Ocopa.

Ocopa

Ocopa is a sauce from Arequipa, Peru, of huacatay, dried mirasol chillies, nuts, fresh cheese and soda crackers. It is usually spooned over boiled potatoes.

Arequipa
Condiments
Photograph of Tempero pronto.

Tempero pronto

Tempero pronto is a fresh Brazilian paste of garlic, onion and salt, ground with oil and kept ready to start a dish. It is the Brazilian counterpart of sofrito and refogado.

Brazil
Photograph of Pontack elderberry sauce.
Elevated risk

Pontack elderberry sauce

An English elderberry condiment of vinegar, shallots and warm spices, historically called a catsup and tied to Pontac's Head tavern in London.

London · Historical attestation
· Condiments
Photograph of Wojapi.

Wojapi

Wojapi is a cooked berry sauce of the Lakota and Dakota peoples of the Northern Plains, traditionally made from pounded chokecherries and today most often made with blueberries and a starch.

Northern Plains, United States
· Condiments
Photograph of South Carolina mustard barbecue sauce.

South Carolina mustard barbecue sauce

South Carolina mustard barbecue sauce is a yellow-to-golden sauce built on prepared mustard, balanced with vinegar, sweetness and spice, and associated with the Midlands of the state.

South Carolina
· Condiments
Original editorial reconstruction of thin South Carolina light-tomato barbecue sauce, with pepper and chopped pork served alongside.

Carolina vinegar and light-tomato barbecue sauce

Light tomato barbecue sauce is a thin, sharp South Carolina sauce: a vinegar and pepper base with a small amount of ketchup, sitting between the clear vinegar sauce and the sweeter tomato sauces.

South Carolina
· Condiments
Thick red Kuwaiti daqqus tomato-garlic sauce in a white bowl.

Daqqus (tomato-garlic sauce)

A tomato and garlic sauce from the Gulf, blended raw and then simmered to thicken, eaten with rice.

Kuwait
Condiments
Photograph of Mint sauce.

Mint sauce

Finely chopped fresh mint steeped in a sweet and sharp liquid of white wine vinegar, sugar and water, the sauce traditionally served with roast lamb in Britain.

England · Traditional method
· Condiments
Original editorial reconstruction of a closed, round, golden-browned Imeretian cheese bread cooked in a skillet.

Gunda's pan-fried Imeretian khachapuri

Closed round cheese breads made with sour-cream dough and cooked in a frying pan. This named Gunda version has no added yeast or proofing stage.

Imereti · Modern method
· Grains and starches
Finished Moroccan amlou, a grainy golden-brown almond and argan oil spread in a decorated ceramic bowl with roasted almonds and culinary argan oil beside it.

Amlou

Amlou is a nutty, lightly sweet Moroccan spread of roasted almonds, culinary argan oil and honey. The almonds are ground first, then loosened with oil and sweetened; the balance can range from a thick spread to a dip.

Souss-Massa
· Condiments
A glass of pale caramel-colored baked milk with a plain clay pot softly out of focus behind it.

Baked milk (toplyonoe moloko)

Baked milk is an Eastern European preparation of milk held at high heat for hours until it turns cream-coloured with a cooked, mildly sweet flavour, without any fermentation.

Russia · Modern adaptation
· Dairy
Thin, soft white ari pathiri rice flatbreads stacked on a simple plate, one gently folded.

Ari pathiri

Thin Malabar rice-flour rounds made from roasted rice flour cooked into salted boiling water, kneaded after cooling, and rolled to about 1 mm. They cook on a hot griddle without taking on colour.

Malabar
· Grains and starches
Golden American cornbread baked in a black cast-iron skillet, with one wedge set aside to show its tender yellow crumb.

American cornbread

A modern cornmeal-and-wheat cornbread that King Arthur Baking describes as a compromise between Northern and Southern styles. The batter is baked in a pan or as muffins and served warm.

United States
· Grains and starches
Firm ruby-amber guava paste cut into neat slices on an ivory plate.

Guava paste for slicing

Cooked, sieved guava pulp is reduced with sugar and lime juice to a sliceable paste, then refrigerated. This adapted trial begins with prepared pulp and has no validated canning process or storage duration.


· Fruit
Clear golden apple jelly in a glass dish with a spoon and tart green apples.
Elevated risk

Apple jelly without added pectin

A clear jelly made from tart-apple juice, sugar and optional strained lemon juice. This batch uses a stated fruit-to-water preparation, gel endpoint, hot fill and altitude-adjusted boiling-water process.

Modern method
· Fruit
Illustrative small Uzbek-style unleavened Qatlama Patir: a ghee-layered spiral flatbread baked in a home oven, not a verified photograph of a specific batch.

Qatlama patir

A small Uzbek-style layered flatbread, made with wheat dough and ghee and baked in a home oven.

Uzbekistan · Modern adaptation
· Grains and starches
Three finished plain arepas made from precooked corn flour, lightly griddled to golden brown; one is split to show its tender corn crumb.

Arepa made with precooked corn flour

This household version combines precooked corn flour, warm water and salt, then cooks thick rounds on a lightly oiled skillet or griddle. It is one source-specific arepa method, not a universal Colombian or Venezuelan formula.

Venezuela · Modern method
· Grains and starches
Golden triangular Kenyan mandazi made with self-raising flour and lemon zest; an illustrative original image of finished fried bread.

Kenyan mandazi (self-raising flour)

A Kenyan mandazi made with self-raising flour, lemon and optional cardamom, cut into triangles and deep-fried. This baking-powder-raised version is distinct from yeast-raised coastal mahamri.

Kenya · Modern adaptation