Recipes

1504 records with their sources, across 11 categories.

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Recipes

Round Irish white soda loaf with a deep cross cut on top and a slice showing its pale crumb.

Irish white soda bread: Bord Bia version

A source-specific Irish quick loaf of plain flour, bicarbonate of soda, buttermilk, egg and butter, mixed briefly and baked as a cross-marked round.

Ireland
· Grains and starches
Amber hot-smoked salmon fillet with flaky cooked flesh on a plain ceramic platter with dill and lemon.
Elevated risk

Hot-smoked salmon

Salmon fillets salted or dry-brined, rested, then cooked and flavoured in a smoker. The method is a cooking process, and the endpoint decides its safety.


Fish and seafood
Pan-fried halloumi slices with golden seared surfaces arranged on a plain ceramic plate.
Elevated risk

Halloumi, raw-milk home method

A firm, pressed halloumi-style cheese made here from raw cow milk. Raw milk can carry harmful germs; this documented method is not validated for home production.


Dairy
Golden Guyanese plait bread, a butter-brushed three-strand loaf with a slice showing its soft crumb.

Guyanese Plait Bread

A soft, butter-enriched, eggless Guyanese loaf, shaped into a three-strand plait and baked for Christmas breakfast or everyday meals.

Guyana · Modern adaptation
· Grains and starches
A rustic round buckwheat sourdough loaf with a cut slice showing its compact crumb and visible groats, oats and pistachio pieces; buckwheat and millet grains sit in small bowls beside it.

Gluten-free sourdough loaf with whole buckwheat groats

A gluten-free sourdough loaf of about 1 kg. A buckwheat and quinoa starter leavens a dough with cooked whole buckwheat groats, millet and a dark gluten-free bread mix, baked in a lidded pot.

Austria
· Grains and starches
Illustrative editorial image of strained Gulf shrimp head-and-shell koji garum as an amber-brown liquid seasoning; the published source does not document the actual sauce appearance.
High risk

Gulf shrimp head-and-shell koji garum

Chef Alex Perry makes this modern shrimp garum from Gulf white shrimp heads and shells, koji, water and salt. He holds the mash at 60°C for two months, then strains the liquid for use as a seasoning.

Ocean Springs · Modern method
· Fish and seafood
Illustrative raw cultivated button mushrooms frozen on a parchment-lined tray.
Elevated risk

Frozen raw mushrooms

Frozen raw mushrooms are cleaned mushrooms frozen without a preheating step, the variant a Japanese forest-volunteer manual describes beside its cooked version.

Japan
Pale steam-blanched button mushroom slices and whole mushrooms lightly frosted in a clear freezer container with a few slices on a tray.
Elevated risk

Frozen mushrooms

Steam-blanched frozen mushrooms are whole, button, quartered or sliced mushrooms given a short steam treatment, cooled promptly, packed with headspace and kept frozen.


Open jar of chunky feijoa jam with a spoon, fresh whole and cut feijoas, and toast spread with jam.

Feijoa jam

Blended whole feijoas simmer into a skin-on jam with lemon, sugar and vanilla. The skins remain for a more textured finish; keep this batch refrigerated or frozen because its method has no validated shelf-stable canning process.

New Zealand
· Fruit
Finished clarified butter (ghee), clear golden fat in a plain ceramic bowl.

Ghee, clarified butter and rendered fats

Butter heated until most water leaves and the milk solids separate, giving a fat that keeps far longer than butter. Rendering applies the same heat to animal tissue to make lard and tallow.

South Asia, western Asia and North Africa
· Dairy
A bowl of smooth glossy deep-brown Espagnole sauce with a spoon lifting a ribbon.

Espagnole sauce

Espagnole is a brown mother sauce built on a dark roux, brown veal or beef stock and tomato, the base from which demi-glace and many brown sauces are made.

France
· Condiments
A golden Dominican telera loaf with two rounded rolls joined by a lengthwise center groove.

Dominican telera

A soft Dominican Christmas loaf enriched with egg and butter, scented with optional anise, and shaped with two rolled ridges around a central seam.

Dominican Republic
· Grains and starches
Mauritian dholl puri, thin golden flatbreads filled with finely ground yellow split peas seasoned with cumin.

Dholl puri (Mauritian split-pea flatbread)

Kavi Hurrydoss’s Mauritian dholl puri encloses finely ground cumin-seasoned yellow split peas in wheat dough, then rolls and griddle-cooks each filled bread.

Mauritius
· Grains and starches
A plate of golden laminated criollitos, small square breads with crisp layered edges.

Criollitos de grasa

Small Argentine laminated bread bites made with wheat dough, yeast and beef fat or pork lard; this version follows a 40-piece home recipe.

Argentina
· Grains and starches
Freshly baked Mexican conchas, soft round sweet rolls with golden sides and pale or cocoa sugar-flour toppings scored in a shell pattern.

Conchas

Mexican sweet rolls with a soft enriched yeast dough and a separate scored sugar-flour topping shaped like a shell. This version makes 15 rolls and uses a chilled dough rest before final proofing.

Mexico
· Grains and starches
Three Baja-style fish tacos with crisp battered white fish, corn tortillas, cabbage, fresh salsa, lime and a light creamy sauce.

Baja-style fish tacos

Crisp battered white fish in warm corn tortillas with shredded cabbage, lime and fresh salsa. This home version draws on the Ensenada style without claiming to be a definitive historic formula.

Mexico
Fish and seafood
Photograph of Shuwa.
Elevated risk

Shuwa

Omani celebration dish of spiced meat wrapped in leaves, sewn into palm-fibre bags and cooked in a sealed pit of embers for up to a day.

Al Kharasen near Nizwa · Traditional method
· Meat
A fully dried sea cucumber (bêche-de-mer) on a plain ceramic dish; illustrative product image, not a specific historical species or community practice.

Bêche-de-mer (trepang)

Sea cucumber cleaned, boiled and dried, sometimes with smoke, into a long-keeping trade product; Makassan processing in Arnhem Land is documented from at least the eighteenth century.

Arnhem Land · Traditional method
· Fish and seafood
A glass of clear copper-brown Altbier with a pale foam head on a wooden table.
Elevated risk

Altbier

A source-specific modern extract adaptation of Düsseldorf Altbier, with specialty malts, two hop additions and an ale yeast. It is distinct from a brewery's commercial Altbier process and from Kölsch.

Düsseldorf · Modern adaptation
· Drinks
A whole golden, unseeded three-strand challah from the Jewish Museum Vienna recipe on a plain wooden board.

Challah: Jewish Museum Vienna version

A three-strand yeast-raised challah with flour, salt, yeast, water, neutral oil, honey and egg, based on a Jewish Museum Vienna home recipe.

South Germany
· Grains and starches
Glossy orange Caribbean mango pepper sauce in a ceramic bowl with ripe mango, habanero and lime.

Caribbean mango pepper sauce

A cooked Caribbean hot sauce of ripe mango, habanero and other hot peppers, onion, garlic and citrus, blended smooth or left chunky.

Caribbean
· Condiments
A small clear glass jug of glossy dark mahogany Caribbean browning syrup, with a wooden spoon holding a little of the liquid.

Caribbean browning (burnt-sugar seasoning)

Caribbean browning is a dark liquid of deeply caramelised sugar, used in small amounts for colour and a smoky, bitter-sweet flavour in stews and black cake.

Jamaica
Condiments
Modern visual interpretation of the four-vegetables-mixed adaptation; not a reconstruction of historical appearance.

Hidatsa four-vegetables-mixed

Do´patsa-makihi´kĕ, or four-vegetables-mixed, combines beans, dried squash, corn meal and sunflower meal in a Hidatsa winter dish. This entry keeps a modern, untested adaptation separate from the historical account.

North Dakota
Softened, quarter-cut golden lime pickle in a shallow ivory bowl.

Lime pickle (Peter Kuruvita)

Peter Kuruvita’s published lime pickle stuffs 20 limes with rock salt, then simmers them in vinegar, sugar and chilli before a two-week rest.

Sri Lanka · Modern method
· Fruit
Illustrative image of Suryabinayak-style cooked lapsi pulp achar in sugar syrup; the municipal source does not record the batch's exact appearance.

Lapsi ko achar, Suryabinayak pulp method

A Suryabinayak municipal recipe cooks ripe lapsi pulp in sugar syrup with cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, sukumel and ginger juice to make a sweet Nepali achar.

Suryabinayak Municipality · Modern method
· Fruit
A freshly made firm tofu block, one slice and cubes on an ivory plate, with soybeans in a small dish behind it.

Fresh Firm Tofu

Fresh firm tofu is made by coagulating cooked soybean milk, then draining and pressing the curds into a sliceable block. This version follows a published nigari method and traces tofu’s varied, contested history.

China
· Legumes and seeds
Illustrative still life of yellow-pea koji garum as a dark liquid seasoning, with peas and rice koji as ingredient context; exact batch appearance is not documented.
High risk

Yellow-pea koji garum

Yellow-pea koji garum is a dark liquid seasoning made by holding cooked split peas with rice koji, salt and water while the koji enzymes break down the mash.

Modern method
· Legumes and seeds
Illustrative reconstruction of simply cooked bunya-nut meal cakes beside bunya kernels and ground meal; the source does not record an exact formula.

Bunya nut storage (barnji, bon-yi)

Bunya nuts were cooked and kept in wet ground or water by peoples of south-eastern Queensland, and were also roasted, ground and pressed into cakes that could be cooked again and stored for later use.

South-eastern Queensland · Traditional method
Illustrative serving photo of Kyrgyz Bozo as a thick pale cereal drink in a clear glass; not a specific batch or exact reconstruction of the registry recipe.
Elevated risk

Kyrgyz Bozo

Kyrgyz Bozo is a mixed-fermented cereal drink made with ground grits, sprouted-wheat ugut and carried-over starter. This registry preparation leaves cereal selection, water and starter allocation unresolved.

Kyrgyzstan · Traditional method
Drinks
A cloudy, pale straw-gold serving of Tibetan chang in a plain ceramic cup.

Tibetan chang

A 2005 Tibetan account describes cooked barley mixed with changdzi, fermented as moist grain, then steeped in water for an alcoholic drink. Grain and water amounts, starter dose and a verified safety endpoint are absent.

Qiangqin (Qiangji) Village, Qonggyai County · Traditional method
· Drinks
A bowl of contemporary Sámi bidus, a reindeer stew with potatoes and carrots.

Bidus (Sámi reindeer stew)

Ann-Kristine Bongo's four-serving bidus from Sami Siida in Alta is a contemporary, festive reindeer stew simmered with onion, carrots and potatoes.

Alta · Traditional method
· Meat
Whole dill pickles in a glass jar of vinegar brine, with fresh cucumbers and dill beside it.
High risk

Quick fresh-pack dill pickles

Whole small cucumbers are soaked in a measured salt solution, packed with dill and mustard seed, then covered with a boiling 5% vinegar brine and processed in a boiling-water canner.

United States · Modern method
· Condiments
Creamy British bread sauce in a ceramic bowl with roast poultry in the background

Bread sauce

Bread sauce is a British sauce of milk infused with onion, clove and bay, thickened with stale breadcrumbs and finished with butter, served with roast chicken or turkey.

Britain
· Condiments
A pile of golden Egyptian bosomat breadsticks coated with sesame seeds.

Bosomat (Egyptian crunchy sesame breadsticks)

Amira Ibrahim’s Egyptian bosomat are yeast-raised wheat sticks scented with optional fennel and anise, topped with sesame and baked until dry and crisp.

Egypt
· Grains and starches
Illustrative still life of parsnips, loaf sugar and a plain wooden cask representing Cobbett’s 1851 parsnip-wine recipe; no finished wine or exact historical vessel is depicted.

Parsnip wine with crude tartar

Parsnip liquor ferments with loaf sugar, crude tartar and fresh yeast, then matures in a cask for twelve months before bottling.

London · Historical attestation
Drinks
Plain cup of pale opaque strained tonoto; the image illustrates the drink's broad visual form, not a confirmed Saru batch appearance.

Saru-region rice and egg-millet tonoto

Tonoto is an Ainu ceremonial grain drink. This Saru River version ferments equal amounts of rice and egg millet with malted rice for about two to three days in summer or a week in winter.

Saru River region · Traditional method
Drinks
Thai-style cooked red chilli-garlic sauce, smooth and glossy in an unbranded terracotta bowl with ripe red chillies and garlic.

Thai-style cooked sriracha sauce

Red chillies and garlic simmer in distilled vinegar, then blend with sugar and salt into a smooth, sharp, sweet-hot table sauce associated with Thailand’s Si Racha coast.

Si Racha · Modern adaptation
· Condiments
Original editorial photograph of pale, opaque sake-lees amazake in a ceramic cup beside the saucepan used to heat it. Illustrative, not a commercial product or the Inaba Brewery batch; residual alcohol may remain.

Sake-Lees Amazake

A Japanese sweet drink made by dissolving sake lees in hot water and adding sugar, often with ginger or salt; it carries flavours and alcohol from sake brewing but normally undergoes no new fermentation.

Japan · Traditional method
· Drinks
A shallow ceramic bowl of thick golden-orange cooked ripe-mango amba with fine spice flecks.

Amba (ripe mango)

This cooked amba follows a Jewish Food Society recipe that simmers ripe mango with onion, garlic, mustard seed and warm spices into a tangy Middle Eastern condiment.

Iraq
· Condiments
Uttarakhand til ki chutney, a finely ground tan sesame-and-cumin paste with sparse green-chilli flecks.

Til ki chutney

Til ki chutney is a sesame-and-cumin condiment from an Uttarakhand cuisine collection: the seeds are roasted, finely ground with salt and green chillies, then mixed with lemon juice. The book describes it as a winter preparation.

Uttarakhand Himalayas · Traditional method
· Condiments
Finished black oncom, a compact gray-brown peanut-cake ferment, shown whole and cut on a banana leaf.
High risk

Black oncom from defatted peanut cake

Black oncom is a mould-fermented cake made from defatted peanut cake, pressed to about 2 cm, steamed and then incubated for a day at ambient temperature.

West Java, Indonesia · Traditional method
· Legumes and seeds
Photograph of Portable soup.

Portable soup

Meat stock simmered, strained and reduced until a gelatin-rich mass sets, then dried into solid cakes that dissolve in water; a concentrated provision of the early modern naval period.

Europe · Traditional method
· Meat
Illustrative semisolid Indonesian tauco with softened soybeans; not a verified photograph of a specific regional batch.
Elevated risk

Tauco, Indonesian two-stage soybean paste

An Indonesian savoury soybean paste built in two stages: cooked beans and roasted flour carry a mould fermentation, then mature in salt brine into a thick, salty seasoning.

Indonesia · Traditional method
· Legumes and seeds
Pale glossy beurre blanc spooned over white fish with asparagus
Elevated risk

Beurre blanc

Beurre blanc is a warm emulsion of cold butter whisked into a reduction of white wine, vinegar or lemon juice and shallot, a sauce from the Loire Valley and its red-wine version, beurre rouge.

Saint-Julien-de-Concelles
· Condiments
Smooth ivory béchamel sauce with nutmeg in a shallow ceramic bowl, coating a spoon.

Bechamel sauce

Bechamel is a white sauce of milk thickened with a butter and flour roux, one of the French mother sauces, and the base from which Mornay and other cheese and cream sauces are made.

France
· Condiments
Illustrative finished Ugba: thin, irregular brown African oil-bean strips in a pale bowl; visual interpretation of the documented form, not a photograph of a specific batch.
High risk

Ugba, Nigerian fermented African oil bean

Sliced cotyledons of the African oil bean, boiled soft and fermented in banana-leaf parcels into the sharply savoury Nigerian condiment and salad ingredient known as ukpaka.

Nsukka, Enugu State · Traditional method
· Legumes and seeds
Three tied clear packets of Thai mushroom naem on a ceramic plate, with mushroom, rice and chillies visible.
High risk

Nham Hed (Thai Fermented Mushrooms)

A Thai sour mushroom preparation: shredded steamed oyster mushrooms, cooked rice, garlic and salt packed into small parcels and soured by lactic acid bacteria over a few days.

Thailand · Modern method
· Vegetables
Four golden Brazilian pão de queijo buns, one cut open to show its airy interior, on an ivory plate.

Pão de queijo: Ricardo Gonzalez's version

Scooped tapioca-starch buns made by scalding the starch, then beating in garlic, cheese and eggs. This named version has no dough-fermentation stage.

Brazil · Modern method
· Grains and starches
Finished sesame-coated Koulouri Thessalonikis, a golden wheat bread ring on parchment.

Koulouri Thessalonikis

The Thessaloniki City of Gastronomy page gives a 15–18-ring yeast dough, dipped in sweetened water and sesame before baking. Its fresh yeast is listed as one dice without a mass, which remains unresolved.

Thessaloniki, Greece · Modern method
· Grains and starches
Moist dark reddish-brown fermented finger millet grains in a leaf-lined earthenware bowl, showing Kodo ko jaanr before warm-water extraction.
Elevated risk

Kodo ko jaanr (finger millet beer)

Finger millet fermented with marcha in surveyed Darjeeling and Sikkim communities. Tongba is the later warm-water extraction from the fermented grain. The cited accounts do not establish a complete or validated home batch.

Eastern Nepal · Traditional method
· Drinks