Pig's ear
Gomphus clavatus, the pig's ear or violet chanterelle, is a club-shaped wild fungus of old spruce and beech forest. It is eaten in Europe and North America, and it is red-listed in parts of Europe.
Ingredients
1086 articles on substrates, cultures and additives.
Fruit, vegetables and seaweedsFruit, vegetables, roots, alliums, seaweeds and algae.
Grains, legumes and nutsGrains, flours, malts, starches, beans, pulses, nuts, seeds and the coffee, cocoa and tea crops.
Mushrooms and fungiCultivated and wild mushrooms, truffles and other edible fungi, and lichens.
Meat and fishMeat, offal, fat, casings, fish, shellfish and insects.
Dairy and eggsMilk by animal, cream, butter, milk powders, rennets, dairy additives and eggs.
Cultures and startersYeasts, bacteria, moulds, koji, SCOBYs, grains and kept starters that begin a ferment.
Salt and mineralsCooking, named and curing salts, brines, alkalis and mineral additives.
Sugars and sweetenersRefined and unrefined sugars, honeys, syrups, molasses and malt sugars.
Herbs and spicesHerbs, seed and bark spices, peppercorns, chillies, aromatic roots, brewing botanicals and resins.
Oils, sauces and drinksPlant oils, condiments, vinegars, waters and the wines, beers and pickles other recipes use.
Additives and aidsFood acids, sulphites, preservatives, enzymes, leaveners, gelling agents, brewing additives and wrapping leaves.
Meat and fish
Natural casings
Natural casings are cleaned animal guts, stomachs, bladders and skins used to hold sausage and pudding fillings; the organ, animal and diameter decide the food's shape and drying.
Ndunduma (Diplotaxodon spp.)
Ndunduma is the Malawian name for small deep-water cichlids of the genus Diplotaxodon, caught in Lake Malawi and dried with usipa and utaka. The species in a given lot is often not recorded.
Utaka (Copadichromis spp.)
Utaka is a small cichlid of Lake Malawi, from the genus Copadichromis, sold dried in Malawi. It is one of the small fish that solar tents were tested on alongside usipa and ndunduma.
Abalone
Abalone are marine snails valued for their broad muscular foot and distinctive shell. They are eaten fresh or dried and appear in documented Korean dishes and preserved seafood traditions.
Squid
Squid is a cephalopod used fresh, dried and in salted seafood ferments such as Japanese shiokara. Its body, viscera and ink appear in distinct regional preparations, so the name alone does not specify a species or process.
Pork skin
Pork skin is collagen-rich pig skin used fresh or cooked; in documented Southeast Asian meat ferments it is usually prepared separately before it joins the pork.
Arctic char
Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is a circumpolar salmonid eaten fresh and preserved in northern communities. Its local forms and food traditions vary; dried or smoked fish and fermented char are distinct from the raw ingredient.
Pork fat
Pig adipose tissue used raw in some fermented meats and made into distinct products such as cured lardo, salo and rendered lard. Cut and firmness affect processing.
Eulachon
Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) is a small anadromous North Pacific smelt used fresh, dried, smoked and, in some communities, to make rendered grease. Ripened fish and eulachon grease are separate stages and products.
Beef lung
Beef lung is cattle offal used in regional Indonesian dishes and studied as a substrate for a modern fermented-sauce proof of concept. Culinary, regulatory and experimental uses vary; the sources support no universal process.
Pork liver
Pork liver is a richly flavoured pig organ used fresh, in cooked sausages and pâtés, and in several preserved meat traditions. Its documented uses differ in process and place; it is not one finished product.
Saithe
Saithe (Pollachius virens), also called coalfish and coley, is a North Atlantic cod-family fish used fresh and in distinct preserved forms. Faroese ræstur fiskur and Shetland salted piltocks are not the same product.
Puntius fish
Puntius is a genus of small freshwater fishes cited as raw material for fermented fish in northeastern South Asia. Shidal studies name the genus broadly; studies of ngari and hentak identify Puntius sophore specifically.
Trout
Trout names several salmonid food fish, not one globally uniform ingredient. Inuit accounts from Nunavut and Norway’s Valdres rakfisk document distinct fermented preparations; neither establishes a universal process or safe limits.
Pig caecum casing
A cleaned pig caecum forms the broad, closed-end casing used for Slavonski kulen and Baranjski kulen. Its shape, preparation and regional names differ from other pig intestines.
Baltic herring
A small, schooling herring of the brackish Baltic Sea, sold under regional names including Finnish silakka and Swedish strömming. It is the raw fish behind several regional preparations, including Sweden’s fermented surströmming.
Pilot-whale blubber
Faroese spik is the under-skin blubber of the long-finned pilot whale, eaten salted alongside dried fish or whale meat and sometimes spread on bread. It is a distinct fat tissue, not meat, sheep tallow or rendered whale oil.
Salmon roe
Salmon roe is the eggs of salmon, eaten fresh, salted or dried and preserved in distinct regional ways. Nuxalk records distinguish fresh roe from aged mutsi; those accounts are historical, not safe-process instructions.
Pilot-whale meat
Long-finned pilot-whale meat, called Faroese tvøst, is eaten fresh and preserved in the Faroe Islands. Historical accounts place it among the meats hung to dry and pass through the ræst stage, distinct from blubber and other whale foods.
Tilapia
Tilapia is a common market name for several African freshwater cichlids, not one species. It is eaten fresh, farmed and preserved in distinct regional forms, including Ghanaian koobi and Botswana salt-dried fish.
Reindeer meat
Reindeer meat is the flesh of Rangifer tarandus, used fresh and preserved across northern foodways; animal populations, cuts, and regional practices differ, and no single culinary origin is established.
Blood (animal)
Animal blood is a perishable food material used fresh, coagulated, cooked, dried or processed into ingredients. Its uses range from grain-filled puddings to functional protein ingredients, each with distinct history and handling needs.
Seal meat
Seal meat is the flesh of hunted seals, eaten fresh, frozen, boiled, dried and, in distinct preparations, aged or fermented. Species and community practices vary; the name describes neither one recipe nor one place of origin.
Seal blubber
Seal blubber is the fat beneath a seal’s skin, used as food and oil. Greenlandic iginneq is a named fermented blubber food, distinct from aged seal meat.
Sheep meat (lamb and mutton)
Sheep meat spans lamb from younger animals and mutton from mature sheep; age, breed, diet, cut and fat cover shape its texture and how it behaves in curing and fermentation.
Buffalo meat
Water-buffalo meat, often called carabeef, is the flesh of Bubalus bubalis; its colour, texture and fat vary with animal, cut and production system. “Buffalo” can also mean bison or African buffalo in other contexts.
Walrus meat
Walrus meat is an Arctic subsistence food whose forms, names, and uses vary by community. Its fermented preparations require source-specific description, and fermentation or freezing cannot be assumed to control Trichinella.
Horse meat
Horse meat is raw equine muscle and fat used fresh or in regionally distinct cooked and preserved foods; cuts and processes vary, and no single culinary origin is established.
Yak meat
Yak meat is the flesh of domestic yak (Bos grunniens), eaten fresh and used in regional highland foods, including khyopeh, the fermented meat of Lachung, North Sikkim.
Goat meat
Goat meat is the edible flesh of domestic goats, traded as many cuts and forms whose character depends on the animal, the herd system and local butchery.
Pork
Pork is meat from domestic pigs, sold as distinct cuts, ground meat and fat; its form and composition shape its roles in fermented foods.
Sheep fat
Sheep fat is edible adipose tissue from sheep, including back and tail depots. A South African zebra-droëwors experiment compared several fat levels; its findings are specific to that formulation.
Mullet
Mullet is a broad name for several coastal fishes. In the Cape West Coast bokkom tradition, the local harder is the southern mullet Chelon richardsonii, formerly Liza richardsonii; identify species and product before substituting.
Protein-lined casings
Non-edible fibrous sausage casings with an inner protein treatment that helps them stay against the meat as it dries and shrinks.
60 mm natural dried casing
A 60 mm natural dried casing gives wide salami its animal-derived envelope and approximate stuffed diameter; its exact animal source and length depend on the chosen product.
Fish trim
Fish trim is a variable food-processing material, from fillet offcuts to recovered flesh. Species, source tissues, bone and skin content, and handling history determine what a particular lot contains.
Fish
Fish is a broad raw ingredient whose species, cut and condition shape its texture, fat content and use. It can become a meal’s main portion or the raw material for distinct salted, dried and fermented preparations.
Small fish used in fish sauces
Anchovies, scad, and small cyprinids appear in documented regional fish sauces. Species selection and handling matter because fish hazards vary by species and process.
Meat and fat selection for fermented sausage
Dry sausage recipes depend on the chosen lean meat, fat source, particle size, temperature, and process. A percentage from one recipe should not be generalized to every salami.
Cyprinid fish
Freshwater fish substrate in a Vietnamese fish-sauce account, which particularly names Mekong cá dánh (*Puntioplites falcifer*) as a prized household sauce fish.
Amberstripe scad
A marine scad named in a Vietnamese fish-sauce account as a whole-fish substrate; the account gives a 4:1 fish-to-salt example but no species-level voucher.
Pork shoulder
Pork shoulder is the forequarter of the pig, divided into the upper Boston butt and the lower picnic. It is a working muscle group with connective tissue and fat, and it is the usual lean meat for sausage.
Fatty pork belly
Raw pork belly combines muscle and adipose tissue in layers. Its fat content varies, and a recipe weight of belly is not a measured weight of pure fat.
Anchovies
Anchovies are small schooling sea fish of the family Engraulidae, eaten fresh or dried and above all salted: as fillets in oil, whole salted fish or fish sauce.
Lean beef
Lean beef is the trimmed muscle of cattle, Bos taurus and Bos indicus. In Genoa-style salami it is the second lean meat beside pork, ground fine, with pork back fat added separately.
Shrimp heads and shells
The combined head tissue and shells saved during peeling; chef Alex Perry uses a weighed kilogram of this mix in a distinct shrimp garum.
Shrimp shells
Peeled shrimp exoskeleton used for strained stocks; modern quick-garum guidance names shells as a possible substrate without a shell-specific formula.
Beef
Beef is the meat of domestic cattle, Bos taurus and Bos indicus, sold as steaks, roasts, ground meat and cured products, and used in broths, salami and koji seasonings.
Duck
Duck is the dark, rich meat of a domesticated water bird, sold whole or as breast, leg, skin, fat, giblets, bones and trimmings, each with its own use in the kitchen.